If the chart is a timechart and the specific time range represents a single column of that chart, then you can.
On the other hand if you want to select multiple columns to make a bigger timerange, and then update a table using that multi-column timerange, no I'm afraid then it's a bit harder.
1) inline drilldown, clicking a single column (or row/bar/area/marker/etc). There's a good docs overview of inline drilldown, I think at Features > Drilldown > Inline drilldown. Basically anything downstream from the JSChart/FlashChart module, notably any Searches dispatched, will automatically get the timerange updated to be the timerange clicked on in the chart. if you need to refer to the token explicitly (and 95% of the time you will not), then you can access it via $click.timeRange.earliest$ $click.timeRange.latest$ and $click.timeRange.label$ Again the docs will go over all this.
2) You can't click and drag on JSChart or FlashChart, even after extensive patching to those modules from Sideview Utils. As a result you're kind of limited to some customBehavior hacks. You might also take a look at the DateTime module, which can be used singly or in pairs to give users ability to select absolute start/end times using a widget that shows calendar dates and times of day.
